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Tonight's history chapter

The French Revolution began in 1789 and changed France for good. Before it started, French society was divided into three estates. The First Estate was the clergy. The Second Estate was the nobility. The Third Estate was everyone else, about 97 per cent of the population, and it carried almost all of the tax burden. The first two estates paid very little. France was close to bankrupt by the late 1780s. Wars, including support for the American Revolution, had drained the treasury. Two poor harvests in 1788 pushed the price of bread up sharply, and bread was the main food of ordinary workers. Many families were spending most of their wages on it. In May 1789, King Louis XVI called the Estates-General, an assembly of all three estates that had not met since 1614. It deadlocked over voting: the Third Estate wanted votes counted by head, which favoured them, while the first two estates wanted votes by estate. In June 1789 the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly. Locked out of its meeting hall, its members gathered on a nearby tennis court and swore the Tennis Court Oath, promising not to disband until France had a constitution. On 14 July 1789 a Parisian crowd stormed the Bastille, a royal fortress and prison that stood for the king's power to imprison people without trial. Only seven prisoners were inside, but the event became the symbol of the revolution and is still marked as France's national day. In August 1789 the Assembly abolished feudal privileges and published the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which stated that men are born free and equal in rights. In October, thousands of women marched to Versailles over the price of bread and forced the royal family to move to Paris. The monarchy did not survive. In 1791 the royal family tried to flee the country and were caught at Varennes. France was declared a republic in September 1792, and Louis XVI was executed in January 1793. Between 1793 and 1794, the Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre, ran the Reign of Terror, executing around 17,000 people by guillotine. Robespierre himself was executed in July 1794. The revolutionary period ended in 1799, when Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in a coup.

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